Torino sotto assedio

Quello che state per leggere è un post davvero speciale. Per ricordare i 301 anni della liberazione di Torino dal difficile assedio francese, ho chiesto a Piergiuseppe Menietti, attento e preparatissimo storico torinese, di raccontarci con parole semplici e comprensibili ciò che avvenne tre secoli fa in questi giorni. Scrittore di numerosi e validi libri sulla storia di Torino, nonché ottimo conferenziere, scoprirete che Piergiuseppe non ha smentito sé stesso.

Lo scorso anno Torino ha commemorato con una mostra, un convegno e altre iniziative il terzo centenario dell’assedio francese del 1706, conclusosi con la vittoriosa battaglia del 7 settembre.
Il 12 maggio di quell’anno, il Duca de La Feuillade, giovane e inesperto generale dell’esercito francese, mosse con 44.000 uomini contro Torino, difesa da 10.500 soldati. Verso le dieci dello stesso giorno, avvenne un’eclisse totale di sole e gli astrologi trassero un ottimo auspicio. Il sole, simbolo del Re di Francia Luigi XIV, spariva nel cielo mentre si rendeva ben visibile la costellazione del toro, simboleggiante la Torino vincitrice.

Gruppopietromicca Fin dal 1701 il Ducato di Savoia era stato coinvolto nelle vicende della guerra di successione spagnola e, tra il 1704 e il 1705, il duca Vittorio Amedeo II aveva visto cadere nelle mani dei nemici francesi la maggior parte delle sue fortezze. Torino era però ben munita e intendeva resistere.
Le truppe del Re Sole, con l’appoggio di alcuni reparti spagnoli, iniziarono un assedio in piena regola circondando la città, dal Regio Parco alle Molinette, con due linee di fortificazione campale dette di circonvallazione e di controvallazione. Tra le due linee disposero gli accampamenti e utilizzarono le cascine intorno a Torino come alloggi per gli ufficiali, magazzini di viveri, armerie e depositi di munizioni.
Galleria_2 La Feuillade guidò l’attacco alla capitale dal lato a ponente, commettendo un errore gravissimo: da quella parte la città aveva le fortificazioni migliori e, soprattutto, la Cittadella: una delle più potenti fortezze d’Europa, munita di una fitta rete di gallerie sotterranee scavate per prevenire gli attacchi nemici nel sottosuolo e per attivare volate di mina in grado di far saltare in aria i cannoni e gli apprestamenti degli assedianti.

La resistenza della città coinvolse direttamente anche la popolazione civile, che dimostrò coraggio e abnegazione. Molte donne si distinsero rischiando la vita nel trasporto di fascine e di gerle piene di terra per chiudere le brecce aperte dai cannoni nemici nelle mura della fortezza.
Pietromicca Il duello delle artiglierie procedeva senza posa, ma le volate di mine degli assediati continuavano a far saltare i cannoni degli attaccanti. Nella notte tra il 29 ed il 30 agosto una squadra di granatieri nemici tentò l’ingresso nelle gallerie della Mezzaluna del Soccorso per neutralizzarle, ma fu bloccata dall’eroico intervento di Pietro Micca. Il minatore ventinovenne non esitò a sacrificarsi per impedirne l’accesso.

La situazione in città era diventata difficile, soprattutto per la carenza di polvere nera; ma una nuova speranza giunse ad alimentare la resistenza dei torinesi: l’arrivo dell’armata imperiale alleata condotta da un comandante famoso, il Principe Eugenio di Savoia-Soissons, cugino di Vittorio Amedeo II.
Il 7 settembre, i due comandanti schierarono le truppe tra la Dora e La Stura con il fronte rivolto alla città. Dopo una breve, cruenta battaglia i Francesi furono battuti e obbligati a una caotica ritirata verso Pinerolo. Gli episodi salienti dello scontro si svolsero tra Lucento, la Madonna di Campagna e l’attuale Borgo Vittoria, il cui nome ricorda un’affermazione militare che fece scalpore in tutta Europa. In seguito ad essa, il Duca di Savoia divenne Re di Sicilia e volle commemorare il successo con la costruzione della Basilica di Superga, un capolavoro dell’architetto messinese Filippo Juvarra.

Link
+ La Città di Torino festeggerà il 301° anniversario della liberazione di Torino con numerose attività, qui il programma in dettaglio.

1,980 Comments

  1. Che vergogna, prima di leggere il tuo post avrei giurato che Pietro Micca faceva parte del risorgimento italiano.
    Non c’entra niente, ma sai dirmi cosa ti risulta circa l’origine del nome della città di Torino?

  2. Trovo questo post sinceramente straordinario.
    E ti spiego perchè:
    Ci riempiamo la bocca con la Storia (con la S maiuscola) senza saperne in realtà un tubo. Esiste poi la storia (con la s minuscola) che sarebbe il modo migliore per riscoprire il nostro passato e capire meglio il presente e il futuro (e, forse, anchea Storia) che ignoriamo, semplicemente.
    E invece queste pagine di storia sono la vera Storia.
    Grazie di cuore.
    Mi sento un po’ più ricco.
    Mister X di Comicomix

  3. Mi viene di pensare che oggi Torino o qualunque altra città italiana non la liberebbe nessuno, ma ti immagini oggi che qualcuno se ne va nei sotterranei magari dove non c’è linea per il cellulare? Naaaaaaaaaaa……….non ce li vedo!
    A proposito ho letto il post di Vittorio “famolo” e almeno alla fine di una giornata molto pesante mi sono fatta 4 risate! ciao mio carissimo torinese!
    Carmela

  4. Piergiuseppe

    At Cicalone
    T(h)ormentone etimologico
    Le origini di Torino risalgono al villaggio celtoligure di Taurasia, che derivò il suo nome dall’etimo celtico Thor: «luogo montuoso». Mantenendo la stessa radice, l’accampamento fortificato romano fondato da Giulio Cesare nel 58 a.c. fu chiamato Oppidum Taurinense e la successiva città murata Augusta Taurinorum. Da questo nome ebbe origine l’attuale denominazione di Torino.
    Nel corso dei secoli, al nome della città si associarono racconti leggendari aventi per protagonista un toro, la cui figura è ancora oggi il simbolo civico. Le fontanelle con la classica testina di toro che eroga il getto d’acqua sono dette «Torèt». Bevi pure, offro io!
    Due parole ancora su Pietro Micca. L’eroico episodio che lo vide protagonista fu riportato in modo molto stringato nelle cronache dell’assedio del 1706. Nell’Ottocento, invece, la figura del minatore fu ingigantita costituendo il prototipo del patriota disposto a morire piuttosto che permettere l’avanzata di un invasore. Solo più tardi ricerche documentarie e archeologiche consentirono di scrostare dalla figura ogni retorica, senza intaccare però il coraggio e la determinazione del giovane minatore.
    Ti consiglio una visita al Museo «Pietro Micca» di Torino, in via Guicciardini 7/a a due passi da Porta Susa. E’ aperto dalla 9:00 alla 19:00 di tutti i giorni tranne il lunedì. Sarai condotto nelle gallerie sotterranee e vedrai la scala teatro del famoso episodio.
    Se sei un topo di biblioteca ti consiglierei di consultare il mio libro «Pietro Micca nel reale e nell’immaginario».
    Ciao! Piergiuseppe

  5. Io sapevo che il nome deriva da una popolazione che viveva nella zona prima della conquista romana (i Taurini?)che poi fu associato al nome di Augusto in Augusta Taurinorum. Poi un giorno stavo leggendo VITA DEI CESARI e nelle prime pagine dedicate ad Augusto, Svetonio riferisce che ad Ottaviano, da bambino fu messo l’appellativo di TURINO e lui stesso ipotizza che ciò avvenne o in ricordo dell’origine dei suoi avi o perchè nella zona di TURI (in Calabria) suo padre Gaio Ottavio ottenne una vittoria militare su alcune bande di schiavi fuggiaschi residui delle rivolte di Spartaco e Catilina. Svetonio poi racconta di essere certo che Ottaviano veniva comunemente chiamato TURINO perchè lui stesso aveva trovato un'”antica” statuetta di bronzo di Ottaviano bambino che reca impresso questo nome in lettere di ferro.
    Mi domendo se il nome Augusta Taurinorum non può dipendere anche da questo appellativo di Ottaviano magari sovrapponendolo a quello preesistente di Oppidum Taurinense per lusingare l’imperatore?
    P.S. è solo una mia ipotesi.

  6. Piergiuseppe

    At Cicalone
    Sarei portato a pensare di no, tuttavia l’ipotesi è interessante e non mancherò di
    investigarla, per quanto possibile…
    Piergiuseppe

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