Mentre l’uragano Irene metteva sottosopra parte della East Coast una decina di giorni fa, il New York Times pubblicava un avviso sul proprio sito web, dicendo ai lettori che tutti gli articoli sulla perturbazione atmosferica erano accessibili liberamente senza alcun vincolo legato al paywall. Per chi non segue queste faccende, il paywall è un sistema che adottano diversi siti editoriali per rendere a pagamento i loro contenuti: se paghi, puoi scavalcare il muro e leggere quello che ti pare, altrimenti resti da questa parte e non puoi vedere che cosa succede dall’altra. Il New York Times ha messo in piedi il suo muretto da fine marzo, tornando alla politica dei contenuti a pagamento che aveva abbandonato nel settembre del 2007.
All’epoca quelli del giornale pensavano di poter fare soldi a sufficienza con la pubblicità, che se la cavava meglio di oggi. Semplificando un poco: niente muri e cancelli aperti consentivano a più lettori di frequentare il sito, visualizzare più pagine, quindi più pubblicità e di conseguenza portare al giornale maggiori quantità di denaro dagli inserzionisti. Complice la crisi economica, negli ultimi anni la pubblicità ha iniziato a crescere meno del previsto e il New York Times ha deciso di tornare al paywall, un abbonamento a 3,75 dollari la settimana che ti permette di vedere tutto. È ancora presto per dire quanto il sistema sia efficace – il giornale ha dichiarato a luglio perdite per 120 milioni di dollari – in compenso è ormai noto ai più che basta salire su uno sgabellino per vedere oltre il suo muro.
Ogni mese il NYTimes regala a tutti 20 articoli gratuiti da leggere sul suo sito, quando superi il limite gli articoli vengono coperti da un avviso che ti invita a sottoscrivere un abbonamento per continuare a leggere il giornale. Se però levi dall’indirizzo web della pagina che non puoi leggere tutto quello che c’è dal punto interrogativo in poi, l’articolo diventa leggibile anche se non hai messo mano alla carta di credito per abbonarti. Non si tratta formalmente di un errore nel modo in cui è stato costruito il muro. A differenza di altri paywall, l’idea del NYTimes è quella di rendere noioso e tortuoso l’accesso ai suoi articoli se non sei abbonato, ma non di impedirti in assoluto di vederli. Inoltre, se arrivi su un articolo del giornale attraverso un link su un social network o un altro sito, la pagina è sempre visibile anche se hai superato il limite dei 20 pezzi al mese.
L’approccio del NYTimes è interessante e, seppure con le dovute differenze (mele, pere), ricorda alcuni meccanismi legati al download della musica. Per aggiungere un disco alla tua libreria musicale puoi cercare il titolo su iTunes, cliccare acquista e iniziare a sentirlo pochi istanti dopo, oppure puoi prenderti la briga di andare a cercare il disco sul sito di qualche bucaniere informatico, avviare il download con un programma peer-to-peer, scaricare illegalmente, copiare i file dentro iTunes, sistemare qualche indicazione nei file e alla fine ascoltare la musica. Nessuno te lo impedisce materialmente (salvo limitazioni di chi ti dà la connessione, per esempio), ma sai che c’è un modo più semplice, comodo, affidabile e legale per farlo.
Bisogna comunque ricordare che il superamento del muro del New York Times col sistema del punto interrogativo è scomodo, ma non sembra essere “illegale”. Dopo la sua introduzione, qualcuno se ne è saltato fuori con un sistema che permetteva di rendere ancora più semplice l’accesso agli articoli, senza dover pasticciare con le URL delle pagine. Quelli del NYTimes hanno minacciato di ricorrere alle vie legali, ma per la violazione del loro marchio perché il sistema si chiamava NYTClean, e non per il fatto che consentisse di accedere agli articoli oltre il muro. E del resto se scavalchi, oltre all’articolo intero nella pagina, vedi anche la pubblicità, che frutta qualcosa al giornale.
A luglio il NYTimes comunicava di aver raccolto in poco più di tre mesi 224mila abbonamenti, anche in virtù della offerta iniziale che permette di leggere il giornale online pagando un solo dollaro per quattro settimane. Non ci sono informazioni ufficiali sulla conversione da abbonamenti promozionali a tradizionali a 15 dollari al mese, ma i responsabili del giornale dicevano di fare molto affidamento sul passaggio a prezzo pieno per aumentare i loro introiti e compensare la minore pubblicità.
La scelta del NYTimes è una buona idea ed è più intelligente di quella di altre società editrici, che hanno deciso di mettere anche il filo spinato sopra il loro paywall per rendere del tutto inaccessibili gli articoli. In questo le testate di News Corp., la società di Rupert Murdoch non hanno praticamente rivali: senza pagare, sul sito del Times di Londra e del Sunday Times non si va da nessuna parte. Le cose vanno un po’ meglio per il Wall Street Journal: degli articoli a pagamento lascia leggere solo le prime righe, ma basta copiarle e incollarle su Google e accedere attraverso il link nella pagina dei risultati del motore di ricerca per superare il muro e vedere tutto l’articolo. La stessa cosa vale anche per l’Economist, che non è di News Corp. Un altro sito totalmente impenetrabile è quello del Financial Times, c’è un limite di articoli al mese, ma puoi arrivarci solamente se ti iscrivi al loro sito. Del resto loro hanno a che fare con il paywall dal 2002.
E quindi, in tutto questo, sono abbonato alla versione online del New York Times? No, da quando esiste il loro nuovo paywall non ho ancora sentito la necessità di sottoscrivere l’abbonamento. Leggo molti articoli dal loro sito, ma raramente ci arrivo passando dalla homepage o dalle pagine di categoria. In genere arrivo su un articolo attraverso un link da Twitter, loro stessi segnalano i loro contenuti lì, e – come dicevo prima – il paywall non scatta se arrivi da un social network o da altri siti. Da marzo il mio modo di leggere il NYTimes online non è sostanzialmente cambiato, fatta eccezione a volte per qualche tortuosità nello sbloccare una pagina.
Tornando alla spericolata analogia con il download della musica, chi compra su iTunes sa benissimo che potrebbe trovare le stesse canzoni gratuitamente su altri siti, ma preferisce spendere qualche euro per essere sicuro della qualità dei file, avere l’illustrazione della copertina, il libretto in pdf se c’è e tutto il resto (e per molti si tratta di un incentivo molto più forte del fatto che l’alternativa sia illegale). Forse valuterei l’idea di pagare se l’abbonamento offrisse qualche servizio in più rispetto alla versione che possono leggere tutti. Ma si dovrebbe trattare di qualcosa che sia in grado di arricchire gli articoli, di offrire più spunti e informazioni, non di cose accessorie generiche e slegate dai singoli contenuti. Quel qualcosa che ancora ci sfugge e che potrebbe rendere l’idea di essere, e non solo di vedere, oltre il muro irresistibile.
Così, su 2 piedi…
quelli al di qua del muro vedono una versione formattata in maniera meno “piacevole” (tipo TXT), non contenere immagini, link, non poter commentare e leggere commenti…
sì, ci ho pensato anche, ma potrebbe non essere un incentivo sufficiente. c’è da dire che a volte quando si usa il sistema che descrivo nel post per il wsj, si finisce in una versione più povera della pagina e non formattata. si tratta, però, di una versione alternativa dell’articolo di solito ospitata su dowjones, mi pare.
Anche sull’FT si può aggirare il paywall con il trucchetto di cercare il titolo su google, prova, funziona!
Ho l’impressione che la soluzione possa consistere in un evento “traumatico”. Finchè le grandi corazzate dell’informazione reggono, occupano uno spazio anche economico, alimentando l’informazione sul web con la struttura finanziata dal cartaceo. Se le redazioni continuano a perdere soldi (come si fa a reggere a lungo 120 milioni di perdita, se le vendite sono in calo?) alla fine qualcuno sparirà liberando spazi. A quel punto è difficile prevedere qualce modello sarà il migliore in un contesto radicalmente modificato e che tipo di informazione si diffonderà. Quello che mi pare certo è che oggi sul web circolano soprattutto notizie di agenzia, ma le agenzie per quanto ne so si reggono sugli abbonamenti dei giornali. Se cade una carta cade tutto il castello. O no?
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